---

           '[T ;qAmpfpRvmf, '[fb ;nftpfpKtiyilf Nalaciriyaf `vRAdy pqfqi mbfBmf klfLaaipf pFpfAp vivaitftT mdfDm[fbi kiRtfTv klfLaaiyilf utvipfEpraciriyrak    ;Rnft  vivrgfkqf  pbfbiy<mf   ;nftiyavi[f tAlcibnft  "v<kA[ viwfwa[i  dakfdaf  partrtf[a `pfTlfklaMd[ff t[kfkiRnft ndfApkf XbiyiRkfkibaaf.

                                                                                  EmEl eclfl.   

           ;nftpfpKtiyilf t[fA[ oR uyafnft EpalIsf `tikaaiyak  uyaftftikf ekaqfvtilff ta[f epbfb EpalIsf pyibfciAy vivaitft pibK pKti 3lf 'Lmfp<kf XD EpciyT '[fb tAlpfpilf ta[f oR Mkfkiyma[ ekaAl vzkfAk vicaaitftT pbfbi ~ciaiyaf viqkfKkibaaf.  ;nft vzkfkilf 'vfvaB oR Eta]fF 'Dkfkpfpdfd 'Lmfp<kf XdfFliRnfT vzkfki[f MZ vivrgfkAqy<mf `nft 'Lmfp<kfXEd ecalfvT Epal CAvyak vivaitftiRkfkibaaf.;nftpf pKtiyilf t[kfK epRnftAlvaf kamrajRd[f "bfpdfd oR mbkfkMFyat `{pvtffAty<mf  `nft vAkyilf kamrajaf 'vfvaB oR uyafp]fp<d[f tikzfnftaaf '[fpAty<mf 'DtfTcfecalfkibaaf.  EmLmf 'vfvaB nmfMAdy `rciylf ytaaftft niAlAm ;RnftT '[fBmf `nft `rciylf `Ampfpilf EnafAmyak p]iyabfbiy    ~ciaiyRkfK    kiAdtft    evKmtiyak    'vfvaB     `vaf    ;maly v[pfpKtikfK Takfki 'biypfpdfdaaf '[fpAty<mf viqkfKkibaaf.  mbfBmf ;pfpKtiyilf t[kfK        kawfci    maM[ivRd[f   "bfpdfd   mbkfkMFyat   cnftipfAppf pbfbi vivaikfkibaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

            ;nfti 'tiafpfp< Eparadfdmf '[fb tAlpfpilf tmizk mkfkqi[f ;nfti 'tiafpfp< u]afv<kAq mikv<mf vivrmak viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.  ;pfpKtiyilf tnfAt epaiyaRd[f t[kfK "bfpdfd mbkfk MFyat `{pvtfAty<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.
                                                                                                                                     

EmEl eclfl.  

            tayf ;mytfti[f mFyilf tvzfnfEt[f'[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf mlpaaf cibpfp< EpalIsf `]iyi[f tAlvrak Ac[avi[f 'lfAlyilf uqfq ;malypf pKtiyilf ta[f p]iyabfbiy vivrgfkAqy<mf `nfttf tR]tftilf partpfpirtmrak ;Rnft tiRmti. ;nftirakanftiAy cnftitft `{pvtfAty<mf vivaikfkibaaf.                   

`R]acfclpfpirEtc manilmf Ena#pavilf,tmizfnaD kavlf `]iyi[ai[f

krkadfdkfKZvi[EraD tiRmti. ;nftirakanfti `vafkqf 'DtfTkfeka]fdpdmf.

`R]acfclpfpirEtc maniltftil Ena#pavilf uqfq EtjI py]iyaf viDtiyilf 

~ciaiyaf `qitft et[f[inftiykfkaAlcibfB]fFAy `RnftividfD 

tiRmti. ;nftirakanfti `vafkqf evqiEy vnftEpaT 'Dtft pdmf.

kavlfTAbTA]tftAlvaf tiR palkiRxf]Em[E[aD yaA[ cvaaiyak 

tikaR ~bfAbkfkdkfKmfEpaT-1966.

;maly mAlpfpKtiyilf 'dfdayirmf `F uyrtftilf kF[ma[paAtAykfkdnfT 

eclfLmfEpaT 'Dtft pdmf.

;maly mAlyilf 12,000 `F uyrtftilf Elakitf ~bfbi[fmIT kdfdpfpdfDqfq

 kyibfBpfpaltfAt ;[fsfepkfdaf eplfliypfpav<d[f ~ciaiyaffkdkfKmf EpaT 'Dtftpdmf.

~ciaiyai[f tAlAmyi[f kIzf ;ygfki vnft mlpaaf cibpfp< kavlf pAdyi[RkfK

vima[tftiliRnfT u]v<pf epaRdfkAq EpaDmfEpaT 'Dtftpf pdmf - 1967. 

EmEl eclfl.  

          m[itEnypf p]fpaqaf `]f]a-- oR  ckapftmff '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf Eprbiwaf`]f]a `vafkqi[f m[it Enypf p]fp< mbfBmf epRnft[fAm ~kiyvbfAb ~ciaiyaf viqkfKkibaaf.  EmLmf ;pfpKtiyilf enyfEvliyilf etazilaqaf pircfcA[Ay tamf cmaqitft vittfAty<mf `]f]amAl plfkAlkfkzk ma]vafkqi[f pircfcA[Ay cmaqitft vittfAty<mf viqkfKkibaaf.

MtlAmcfcaf tiR. M kR]aniti `vafkqf `]f]amAl plfkAlkf kzktftilf nAdepbfb oR vizavilf klnfT ekaqfq citmfprmf vnftEpaT 'Dtftpf pdmf .

EmEl eclfl.  

            vinaykkf kdv<qf Epci[aaf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf mamfplmf kavlf niAlytfAt odfFy<qfq ;dtftilf 'vfvaB tiGer[ oR vinaykaf ciAl Eta[fbiyT pbfbiy<mf `t[alf "bfpdfd VzfniAlyilf mtkfklvrmf 'ZvtbfK vayfpfp< ;RnftT pbfbiy<mf, `nft vinaykaf Eta[fbiy vittfAty<mf 'vfvaB viwfwa[ p>afvmak tIaftfT Avtftaaf '[fpAty<mf, `AteyadfF YMtbiwaf ;rajaji 'vfvaB ~ciaiyAr evKvakpf paradfF[aaf '[fpT pbfbiy<mf 'ztiy<qfqaaf.  EmLmf 1971 epaT Etaftli[f EpaT 'vfvaB ~ciaiyaf EnafAmyak p]iyabfbiytbfkak  `vAr ec[fA[ mankr kavlf`Ampfpilf ;RnfT mabfbi[aafkqff '[fpAty<mf vivaitfTqfqaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

          ti.M.k.vilf piqv<mf, EkaAv mavdfd EpalIsf niafvaktfti[f cIrAmpfp<mf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf EkaAv mavdfdtftilf 'vfvaB `rciylf kdfcikQkfK `pfpabfpdfd oR niAl ;RnftT pbfbi viqkfKkibaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

            u]v< pbfbakfKAbyalf "bfpdfd enRkfkF '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaf 1972-73lf nilviy kDmf u]v< pbfbakf KAbAy 'tiaf eka]fD u]v< ta[iygfkAq pTkfkiy/kdtftiyvafkAq cdfdtfti[f M[f niBtfti `vafkQkfK t[fdA[ epbfBtf tnftaaf '[fB viqkfKkibaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

          `vcrniAlpfpirkd[Mmf viAqv<kQmf-ti.M.k. ~dfcikf kAlpfp<mf '[fb tAlpfpidfd   ;nftpfpKtiyilf   jati    u]afv<kqalf   ~dfekaqfqpfpdfd niAlyilf 'vfvaB   tiRenlfEvli   mavdfdmf   kavlfTAbAypf   epaBtft   vAryilf   oR t[itft[fAmy<d[f   ;RnftAt   viqkfKkibaaf.  

tiRenlfEvli ~y<tpfpAd Amta[tftilf `Amkfkpfpdfd ehlikapfdaf tAryibgfKmf ;dtftilf tiRmti ;nftirakanftiAy ~ciaiyaf vrEvbfkibaaf. `vEraD, `vrT TA]viyaaf tiRmti lIlavti, `vrT p<tlfvaf tiR. vijykfKmaaf mbfBmf

tiR. ji.Ek.YMpfp[aaf ~kiEyaRmf ;Rkffki[fb[af - 1976.

EmEl eclfl.  

            ;ybfAkyi[f cIbfbMmf mkfkqT EkapMmf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf 'vfvaB kavlf TAbyi[af  evqfqmf mbfBmf p<ylalf `vtipfpDmf mkfkqi[f Tyaf TAdpfp< p]iyilf :DpdfD tgfkQkfKmf TAbkfKmf nbfepyaf :dfD trMFy<mf '[fB viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

           UafkfkavlfpAd, UafkfkavlfpAd mbfBmf UafkfkavlfpAd '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ta[f YMmfMAb  `gfK p]iymbfbpfpdfdAt CAvyak vivaitfT 'vfvaB  oR  Mkfkiymak  kRtpfpdat  ;nftpf  p]iyilf  epaiyqvilf   catA[ p<ainfT nadfFElEy ;tbfkak j[atiptiyi[f cibpfp< ptkfkmf epbfb oEr EpalIsf `tikaai '[fb epRAmAy `Adnftaaf '[fpT pbfbiy<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf. f.  UakfkavlfpAd '[fpT kavlfTAbyilf oR caafp< pAd.  `nft vAkyilf mkfkQkfKmf kavlafkQkfKmf epRmfpalmak `AmnftT.  ;nftpf p]iyilf    ~ciaiyaf    pAdtft    catA[kqf    'vfvaB    oR    Mkfkiymilflat   p]iyiLmf evbfbi epbMFy<mf '[fpAt   viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.

UafkfkavlfpAdyi[af cakc nikzfcfcikAq ecyfT kadfFyEpaT 'Dtftpf pdmf -1983.

tmizfnaD UafkfkavlfmbfBmf uqfnadfD paTkapfp<pf pAdyi[f TA]tf tAlvrak ~ciaiyaf ptvi vkitftEpaT, Uafkavlf pAdyi[af mbfBmf kavlfTAbyi[RkfK, evqfqtftalf patikfkpfpdfdvafkAq kapfpabfBvtbfKaiy pyibfci tidfdmf o[fAb tAlAm tagfki ndtfTmfEpaT ;tbfek[ vagfkpfpdfd pdAkkf eka]fD pyibfci `qikfkpfpDkibT - 1986.

manil evqfqkf kdfDpfpadfD Amytftilf ~ciaiyaf - 1986.

ec[fA[ ;rajrtfti[mf Amta[tftilf, UafkfkavlfpAd mbfBmf uqfnadfD paTkapfp<kfkak vzgfkpfpDmf KFyrCtf tAlvai[f cibpfp<pf ptkfktfAt EmtK tmizk ~Qnaf tiR Kra]a `vafkqf ~ciaiyRkfK `]ivikfki[fbaaf  -1984.

EmEl eclfl.  

          mTvilkfKkf ekaqfAkEya taraqmf, cdfdEma kDAm '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf  'mf.ji.~af. ~dfciyilf 'vfvaB mTvilkfK ekaqfAk EklikfKaiytayibfB '[fB viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

          uyaf EpalIsf `tikaai kdfFdtfetazilf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaf `rC niBv[tfAt ta[f 'vfvaB cmaqitfT `tiLmf evbfbi epbfbaaf '[fB viqkfkiy<qfqaaf  

tiRcfci mavdfdmf navlfpdfFlf kavlfTAbyi[Rkfkak kdfdpfpdfd vIDkAq 

Mtlfvaf 'mf.ji.~af `vafkqf Tvkfki Avkfki[fbaaf - 1984.

navlfpdfFlf kdfF MFkfkpfpdfd vIDkqf 

EmEl eclfl.  

          mI]fDmf oTkfkpfpdfEd[f- mi[fvaaiytftilf  cibiT kalmf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf u]v<tf TAbyilf mI]fDmf p]iyabfb EnafnftT '[fBmf mi[fvaaiytftilf tamf TakfkieybiypfpdfdaLmf `tiLmf `vaf catA[ pAdtftAt viqkfkiy<qfqaaf

EmEl eclfl.  

pKti 17

           KAkyi[f  mBMA[yilf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ciAbtfTAb niafvaktfti[f_.ji. '[fb MAbyilf ta[f pAdtft catA[kAq viqkfki ,`tilf ta[f mbfebaR j[atipti ptkfkmf epbfbaaf '[fpAty<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

            vrlaB pAdtft EpalIsf  p]itfEtafv< '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf EpalIsf p]ikfK `LvlafkAq EtafnfetDkfKmf p]iyilf ta[f 'vfvaB tidfdmidfD ecylfpdfD lwfcmf mbfBmf cipaaiCkfK ;dmi[fbi kavlafkqf mbfBmf   cpf;[fsfepkfdafkAq p]iymaftfti vrlaB pAdtftT pbfbi viqkfkiy<qfqaaf

cibnft p]ip<ainfEtaRkfka[ KFyrCtftAlvai[f kavlfptkfkmf, EmtK tmizk ~Qnaf tiR.pIxfm naray]f cigf `vafkqalf ~ciaiyRkfK vzgfkpfpDkibT - 1991.

tmizfnaD kavlf cIRAd p]iyaqaf EtafvaA]ytfti[ftAlvrak ~ciaiyaff ;RnftEpaT epaT nikzfcfci o[fbilf Mtlfvaf eclfvi ejyllitaEvaD ~ciaiyaf - 1992.

pz[iyilf p<titak Etafv< ecyfypfpdfd kavlafkQkfka[ pyibfci Mkami[f Tvkfk viza nikzfcfciyi[fEpaT, MbfbiLmf tibAm `FpfpAdyilf Etafv< ecyfypfpdfd kavlafkqi[f

epbfEbaafkqf,~ciaiyAr VzfnfTeka]fD tgfkqT n[fbiyiA[ evqipfpDtfTmf enkizfcfciy>dfDmf kadfci. 

1961mf ~]fD p]iyilf Ecafnft `kil ;nftiy kavlf p]i `tikaaikqi[f kRtftrgfktftilf ~ciaiyaf -1991.

EmEl eclfl.  

            ra_Ivf kanfti pDekaAl-kavlfTAbyi[af cmfpv ;dtfAtvidfD OFvidfd[ra? '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaf ;nft EkqfviAy 'zpfpi `tbfK `vEr ptiLmf ecalfliyiRkfkibaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

            ka]amlf Epa[ ciAlkAqtfEtF '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaf pzAm vayfnft Ekavilf ciAlkAq 'vfvaB oR Kmfplf tiRF `At evqinadfFbfK kdtfticfec[fbAt  ~ciaiyaf k]fDpiFtftaaf '[fB viqkfkiy<qfqaaf

EmEl eclfl.  

            ec[fA[ mankrkf kavlf `Ampfp<tftidfdmf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaf 'vfvaB oR tIvir ~yfv< ndtfti ec[fA[ mankrkf kavlf `AmpfAp cIaftiRtft `rCkfK cipaaiC ecyftaaf '[fpAtpfpbfbiy<mf pi[f[af `Av `rci[aalf "bfkpfpdfD `mlfpDtftpfpdfdT pbfbiy<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.

EmEl eclfl.  

            ec[fA[ mankrpf EpalIsf kmixf[af - `nft ~Bnaqffkqf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaff ~bfbiy p]ipbfbiy<mf, `nft p]ikqilf MtlAmcfcaf ejyllitav<d[f "bfpdfd`{pvgfkAqy<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf.

EmEl eclfl.

pKti 23

tmizfnaD kavlf TAb ;ykfK[rak tiR !palidmiRnfT epaBpfAp ~ciaiyafepbfBkfekaqfkibaaf.

tmizfnaD kavlfTAb ;ykfK[rak  ptviEybfbv<d[f tiR !palf pbfBmf ;tr `tikaaikEqaD ~ciaiyaf-1995.

  EmEl eclfl.  

pKti 24&25

         dakfdaf Cpfpirm]iyCvami pbfbiy cmfpvmf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf Cpfpirm]iyCvami etadafp<Ady cmfpvmf pbfbiy<mf tiArpfpd ;ykfK[af m]irtfti[mf vIdfF[fevFK]fD cmfpvmf pbfbiy<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf  

                                                                                                                       EmEl eclfl.

mTAr mI[adfci `mfm[f tiRkfEkavilf KmfpapiExktfti[f EpaT cibpfpa[ MAbyilf ecyfypfpdfd paTkapfp< "bfpaDkQkfkak ~ciaiyArpf paradfDmf vAkyilf ndtftpfpdfd epaTvizavilf ~ciaiyaf.

 p]iyilf uyiafnItft kavlaf KDmfptftibfK ~ciaiyai[f painfTAryi[f Epailf ejyllita, `rc< utvitf etaAkAy vzgfKmfEpaT ~ciaiyaf ud[f ;Rkfkibaaf.

    EmEl eclfl.

pKti 25

tiArpfpd ;ykfKnaf m]irtfti[mf vIdfAd ,`gfK evFK]fD cmfpvmf ndnft pibK ~ciaiyaf paaffAvyiDkibaaf.

    EmEl eclfl.

pKti 26

          Crgfkmf Eta]fFcf Ctnftirmf epbfb critftir catA[ '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf oR Epaliya[ oR cdfdpfpiFyilf 'vfvaB ;lgfAk tmizafkqf 5 vRdmak `AdkfkpfpdfD `t[f viAqvak `vafkqf EvLaaf pyibfci pqfqi MkamiliRnfT Crgfkmf Eta]fF tpfpitftaafkqf '[fBmf mtftiy manil `rci[f ;lgfAk mkfkqi[f ekaqfAkyilfuqfq tDmabfbtfAt pbfbiy<mf viqkfkiy<qfqaaf  

    EmEl eclfl.

pKti 27

vinaykaf cTaftfti Uafvltfti[f EpaT "bfpdfd`AmtikfK pgfkmf viAqvikfKmf cmfpvtfAt cmaqikfk `tikaaikQkfK cmfpv ;dtftiElEy ~ciaiyaf `biv<Ar vzgfKkibaaf.

    EmEl eclfl.

            vrlaB pAdtft pkdfDtf tiRm]mf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ejyllitavi[f vqafpfp< mk[i[f tiRm]tfAt pkdfdak ndtfti `vai[f nbfepyRkfK kqgfkmf "bfpdfdT pbfbif viqkfkiy<qfqaaf

    EmEl eclfl.

           kAdciyak, ~bfb Ev]fFy p]ikqf "raqmf '[fb tAlpfpidfd ;nftpf pKtiyilf ~ciaiyaf p]iyilf ;RkfKmf  kavlfTAbyi[RkfK uRkfkma[ MAbyilf "namf ~bfb Ev]fFy p]ikqf "raqmf, "raqmf `nft vAkyilf  namf `Ady Ev]fFy ;lkfEka evK Tartftilf uqfqT  `nft   ;lkfAk   `Ady<mf   vAryilf   nmkfK   ubkfkmf  "T ! oyfEvT !"   '[fB    t[T   NaAl   MFtfTqfqaaf.

edlfliyilf 1995-mf ~]fD nAdepbfb `kil ;fnftiy kavlf TAb ;ykfK[afkqf manadfFlf manadfF[f niAbv<naqf nikzfcfciyi[fEpaT KFyrCtftAlvaf tiR.cgfkaf tyaqf cafmaEvaD ~ciaiyaf.

    EmEl eclfl.

          Nali[f oR pKtiyak ~ciaiyaf ta[f `vfvpfEpaT 'ztiy Mkfkiy kviAtkAq ;A]pfpak evqiyidfDqfqaaf.